Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)
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Presentation for lunch & learn session at Anritsu, April 2014.
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Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)
- 1. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) April 2014 Zahid Ghadialy @zahidtg
- 2. 2 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 about eXplanoTech Requirement Analysis Project Management Design, Implement. Integration & Deployment Testing Services Maintenance End to End Solutions Technology Consulting Technology Training System Integration
- 3. 3 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Technical Training Services Standard Courses Our experts have developed complete courses on varying topics across wireless and mobile communications. The “standard courses” are created to provide the audience with the basic knowledge along with the framework of technical thinking flavoured with in- class discussions and practical examples extracted from our long experience in the industry. Customized Courses The “customized courses” are popular among clients who might want to enrich our “standard courses” with material related to their business. It is also possible to combine 2 or more shorten versions of the standard courses providing an overview on various different topics. Bespoke Courses Courses entirely created on customer requirement and specifications, tailored to meet their specific needs. Bespoke courses are found very popular among customers who work on certain project and they want to prepare their staff to deal with the project related specifics. Contents of the “bespoke courses” are predefined and agreed with the customer..
- 4. 4 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Technical Training Courses Long Term Evolution (LTE) (Short / Long) 1 - 2 days LTE End-To-End Signalling 2 days LTE for non-engineers 1 day LTE air-interface 1 day LTE cell planning 1 day LTE radio network 1 day From LTE to LTE-A (short / long) 1 - 2 days 3GPP Release 11 features overview 1 day 3GPP Release 12 features overview 1 day MBMS and Mobile TV 1 day LTE / LTE-A IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 1 day Machine to Machine (M2M) fundamentals 1 day Small cells: Introduction and Architecture 1 day Small cells: HetNets and Offloading 2 days Emerging Technologies Basic Telecommunications 2 days Digital Communications 2 days Introduction to Wireless Technologies 2 days Principles of Data Communications 1 day Channel Coding 1 day Basic Telecommunications Radio principles 2 days RF Training 1 day Antenna Theory and Design 1 day MIMO for wireless communications 1 day OFDMA for wireless communications 1 day Antennas & Propagation Introduction to 5G
- 5. 5 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Traditional Homogeneous Network Core Network
- 6. Voice and Data over the years 6 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 2007 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2008 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2009 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2010 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2011 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2012 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2013 Q1 Q2 Q3 Monthly Traffic (Petabytes / month) Voice Data The year of the iPhone First Android phone
- 7. 7 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS) Macrocell Layer Picocell Layer Femtocell Layer
- 8. 8 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Hierarchically Structured Network Core Network Femtocell Picocell Macrocell HCS have cells that use different frequencies
- 9. Importance of Frequency Selection 9 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Lower frequency attenuates from walls but still penetrates Higher frequency gets reflected from walls and have poor penetration Higher frequency means faster decay Lower frequency means more users in a given cell
- 10. 10 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) PDN Core Network Femtocell Picocell Relay Wi-Fi Macrocell HetNets have cells that use same frequencies
- 11. The ‘million fold’ capacity increase since 1947 11 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 25 25 1600 Quantity of Spectrum (Hz) Cell Spectrum Efficiency (bps Hz-1) Number of Cellsx xΣb a n d = Network Capacity (bps) Spectral Efficiency: High returns on investments Spectrum: Finite & Expensive Doubles every few years: • Increasing number of macro cells • Introducing small cells • Fixed and Mobile relays
- 12. 12 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Increasing quantity of spectrum List of UL / DL bands 35 MHz 150 MHz 450 MHz Band 1 1920 1980 FUL_low [MHz] FUL_high [MHz] List of uplink (UL) bands 2 1850 1910 3 1710 1785 4 1710 1755 5 824 849 6 830 840 7 2500 2570 8 880 915 9 1749.9 1784.9 10 1710 1770 11 1427.9 1447.9 12 699 716 13 777 787 14 788 798 15 Reserved16 17 704 716 18 815 830 19 830 845 20 832 862 21 1447.9 1462.9 22 3410 3500 23 2000 2020 24 1626.5 1660.5 25 1850 1915 26 814 849 27 807 824 28 703 748 29 602110 2170 BW FDL_low [MHz] FDL_high [MHz] List of downlink (DL) bands 601930 1990 751805 1880 452110 2155 25869 894 10865 875 702620 2690 35925 960 351844.9 1879.9 602110 2170 201475.9 1495.9 17729 746 10746 756 10758 768 Reserved 12734 746 15860 875 15875 890 30791 821 151495.9 1510.9 903510 3600 202180 2200 341525 1559 651930 1995 35859 894 17852 869 45758 803 11717 728 - FDD Band 6033 1920 1980 FDLUL_low [MHz] FDLUL_hig [MHz] List of uplink / downlink (UL / DL) bands 6034 1850 1910 7535 1710 1785 4536 1710 1755 2537 824 849 1038 830 840 7039 2500 2570 3540 880 915 3541 1749.9 1784.9 6042 1710 1770 2043 1427.9 1447.9 1744 699 716 BW TDD
- 13. Increasing cell spectrum efficiency 13 eNB Tx1 Rx0 Rx1 Tx0 UE MIMO RepeaterDeNB UE Power Amplification RF signal RF signal Relays eNB UE1 eNB UE2 CoMP (f)eICIC Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 =Network Capacity (bps) ΣBW x log2 (1+SNR) x No of cells
- 14. Increasing number of cells 14 NY Cell Planning 1947 0 20 MILES NJ NJ NY LI SOUND LOND ISLAND ATLANTIC OCEAN NY Cell Planning 2012 Macro Wi-Fi 20 cells Tens of thousands of cells are used to cover the exact same area in 2012 Home Office HetNets / Small Cells Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 =Network Capacity (bps) Σ BW xlog2 (1+SNR) x No of cells
- 15. Need for capacity 15 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Exabytes per Month 2 – 2.5G 3 – 3.5G 4G Global Cellular traffic growth from Mobile Devices 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 30% 60% 9% 51% 46% 3% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Source: Cisco VNI Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast, 2013 - 2018
- 16. 16 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 The 1000x Network Capacity Challenge MORE SPECTRUM Lower and Higher Spectrum Bands MORE SMALL CELLS Everywhere MORE INDOOR CELLS Inside-Out deployment Network Capacity 1000x Evolve 3G/4G/WLAN HetNets and Interference Management Better Access 3G/4G/WLAN SMALL CELLS Spectral Efficiency / Densification Network Capacity 1000x MACROCELLS Better Spectrum Spectrum 10x Spectral Efficiency 10x Densification 10x SMALL CELLS Spectral Efficiency / Densification Network Capacity 100x MACROCELLS Better Spectrum Spectrum 3x Spectral Efficiency 3.3x Densification 10x SMALL CELLS Spectral Efficiency / Densification Network Capacity 1000x MACROCELLS Better Spectrum Spectrum 2.8x Spectral Efficiency 24x Densification 15x
- 17. Small cell classification 17 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Domestic Enterprise High density subs Urban Femtocell Picocell Metrocell & Microcell Meadowcell
- 18. 18 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 3GPP Definitions of Small Cells RRH RRH eNB Picocell Picocell Femtocell Femtocell • Remote Radio Head (RRH): An antenna deployed remotely, part of Macro-cell eNB • Home eNodeB (HeNB): – Pico-cell: All open access HeNB’s are referred to as pico-cells – Femtocell: All closed access (belonging to CSG) HeNB’s are referred to as Femtocells
- 19. Open Access: All cells are open access by default. That means they can be accessed by any device belonging to the operator whom the cell belongs to. Closed Access: A cell is closed when only certain devices, even though they belong to the same operator, can camp on them. The devices are said to belong to ‘Closed Subscriber Group’ (CSG). 19 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 ‘Open’ and ‘Closed’ Cells Closed Access Small Cell
- 20. Hybrid Access: A cell can also be hybrid access, thereby allowing all devices that either belong to a CSG or non-CSG (often referred to as OSG – Open Subscriber Group) to camp onto it. A hybrid cell may offer additional services to the users that belongs to the CSG it is a part of. 20 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 ‘Hybrid’ Access Cells Hybrid Access Small Cell
- 21. Mobile Backhaul and Fronthaul 21 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 RRH Small cell Small cell Small cellSmall cell RRH RRHRRH eNB eNB P-GW MME S-GW BBU
- 22. Cloud / Centralized RAN (C-RAN) 22 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 RRH RRH RRHRRH RRH RRH BBU Pooling CoMP HetNet Optical Fiber (CPRI) RRH RRH
- 23. 23 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Want to see a real-life HetNet? Remember this? Look closer Wi-Fi Macro Pico Femto
- 24. Basic LTE architecture 24 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 eNodeB eNodeB HeNB-GW MME S-GW P-GW HeNB HeNB S5
- 25. Cell range 25 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Power Distance Interference Real cell planning Frequency Time Macrocell and Small Cell operate at the SAME carrier Frequency
- 26. Aggressor and Victim cell concept 26 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 • Femtocell is typically of a closed subscriber group (CSG) type • Femtocell is the Aggressor Cell to the macrocell Not every UE is allowed to camp on a femtocell due to its CSG nature. When a UE is within its coverage, a femtocell becomes the source of cell interference. • Hence in this case, Macrocell is the Victim Cell. • Picocell is typically of an open subscriber group (OSG) type • Macrocell is the Aggressor Cell to the picocell. Every subscribed UE is allowed to camp on a picocell due to its OSG nature. When a UE is within the picocell coverage, the macrocell becomes the source of cell interference due to its high transmit power. • Hence in this case, Picocell is the Victim Cell. Femtocell Picocell Signal Interference
- 27. Recap: Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation (ICIC) 27 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Power Frequency Hard Frequency Reuse Soft Frequency Reuse Fractional Frequency Reuse
- 28. Recap: Carrier Aggregation 28 LTE Carrier #1 LTE Carrier #2 LTE Carrier #3 LTE Carrier #4 LTE Carrier #5 Component Carrier 1.4MHz - 20 MHz Frequency Aggregated Carrier 7 MHz - 100 MHz Frequency LTE Carrier #1 LTE Carrier #2 LTE Carrier #3 LTE Carrier #4 LTE Carrier #5 Wider band aggregated carrier Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100
- 29. PSC: Primary Serving Cell – Signalling + Data Secondary Serving Cells – Data Secondary Serving Cell – Data UE Recap: Primary and Secondary cell definition 29 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100
- 30. RRH RRH RRH eNB RRH RRH Relay Relay Relay eNB eNB eNB eNB Recap: CA Deployment Scenarios 30 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 Rel. 10 Rel. 11
- 31. Enhanced ICIC (eICIC) – CA based 31 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 PDCCH UE #B Control signal on F1 Data signal on both PDSCH PDSCH PDCCH UE #A Control signal on F2 Data signal on both PDSCH PDSCH UE #A UE #B F1 F2 X2 (ABS Info) UE#A and UE#B are Cross-Carrier Scheduled (CCS)
- 32. Non-CA-based eICIC 32 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 ABS ABS ABS ABS 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Aggressor cell Tx Power Subframe UE #C UE #B UE #A Picocell (Victim) Macrocell (Aggressor) X2 (ABS Info) Cell Range Expansion (CRE)
- 33. Further enhanced ICIC (FeICIC) 33 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 UE #B Picocell (Victim) Macrocell (Aggressor) X2 (ABS Info) Physical cell ID of the Interferer SIB1 of the interferer Interferer Further enhanced ICIC (FeICIC) for non-CA based deployment – At the transmitter side in DL • Combination of ABS + power reduction – At the receiver side in DL • Use of advanced UE receiver (cancellation/discard of known signals such as CRS…)
- 34. Advanced receivers for LTE / LTE-A 34 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 LTE LTE-A Rel. 8 Rel. 9 Rel. 10 Rel. 11 Rel. 12 MMSE: Minimum Mean Square Error MRC: Maximal Ratio Combiner MMSE-IRC: Interference Rejection Combining CRS Cancellation: Interference Cancellation receivers NAICS: Network-assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression CRS Cancellation: Interference mitigation for homogenous networks
- 35. Interference Management evolution in 3GPP 35 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 LTE LTE-A Rel. 8 Rel. 9 Rel. 10 Rel. 11 Rel. 12 ICIC eICIC FeICIC NCT CRE
- 36. Have a go: http://blog.3g4g.co.uk/2014/04/lte-deployment-dilemma.html 36 Confidential – Restricted Distribution © eXplanoTech Ltd., Asset Id. 140429111100 The ‘Operators dilemma’ during deployment Operator 1 Operator 2 Carrier Aggregation in Small Cells Area No need for Interference Management Macro cell users only 15MHz Small Cell users – potentially 20MHz Same Frequency reused in all cells eICIC (ABS) in Macro cell (Aggressor cell) Macro cell users – 20MHz but ABS (20%) Small cell users – 20MHz but interference
- 38. www.explanotech.com training@explanotech.com TECHNICAL CONSULTING TECHNICAL TRAINING MANAGED SERVICES Small Cells S16 MME S10 S11 S6a EPC MME S5 S6b S4 S3 SGi Gi Gn Iu-PS RNC Iur Iu-CS X2 LTE-Uu E-UTRAN CN Gp Nc NodeB Uu NodeB UTRAN RNC Iub Iub Other PLMN GGSN Gc GMSC C D Nc Gs PDN HSS S6d S12 SGSN Mc X2 X2 X2 HeNB LTE-Uu HeNB-GW S1-MME / S1-U S1-U S1-MME S-GW S1-U S1-MME eNodeB eNodeB HeNB HeNB MSC / VLR MSC / VLR PCRF P-GW Gx PSTN SGSN