Gait, Phases of Gait, Kinamatics and kinetics of gait
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Intended for BPT 1st year undergraduate students. Acknowledgement: Swathi Ganesh, my classmate during MPT prepared the slide which I modified for the purpose of teaching students.
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Gait, Phases of Gait, Kinamatics and kinetics of gait
- 2. Contents: • Divisions of gait cycle • Temporal and spatial variables • Determinants of gait • Phases of gait cycle
- 3. Human Locomotion/ Gait • Translatory progression of the body as a whole • Produced by coordinated, rotatory movements of body segments
- 5. 10% 40% 10% 40%
- 7. Variables in Gait cycle Temporal variables • Stance time • Single-limb time • Double-support time • Swing time • Stride time • Step time • Cadence- 110 steps/m Spatial variables • Stride length- 144 cm • Step length- 72 cm • Step width- 8-10 cm • Degree of “toe-out” (Foot angle)- 5-7°
- 8. Step / Stride length 5-7° 8-10 cm
- 9. Determinants of Gait • Pelvic Rotation • Pelvic List • Knee Flexion in Stance • Ankle flexion and extension mechanisms • Knee, ankle and foot rotation • Lateral displacement of the pelvis
- 10. Phases of Gait • Stance phase • Occurs when the foot is in contact with the ground • Accounts for about 60% of the gait cycle • Swing phase • Occurs when the foot is not in contact with the ground • Accounts for about 40% of the gait cycle
- 12. Traditional classification Stance phase Swing phase Heel strike/contact Acceleration Foot flat Mid-swing Mid stance DecelerationHeel off Toe off
- 14. Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) Classification Stance phase Swing phase Initial contact Initial swing Loading response Mid swing Mid stance Terminal swingTerminal stance Pre swing
- 15. Comparison of classification Phases RLA Traditional Stance Initial contact Heel strike Loading response Foot flat Mid stance Mid stance Terminal stance Heel off Pre swing Toe off Swing Initial swing Acceleration Mid swing Mid-swing Terminal swing Deceleration
- 16. Stance Phase 0-2 % 2- 10 % 10 - 30 %
- 17. Stance Phase (contd…) 30 – 50 % 50 - 60 %
- 18. Swing Phase 60 - 73 % 73 - 87 % 87 - 100 %
- 19. • Divisions of gait cycle • Temporal and spatial variables • Determinants of gait • Phases of gait cycle Summary
- 20. Initial contact • The instant when the foot strikes the ground Interval: 0-2% Heel rocker
- 21. Loading response • Begins with initial floor contact • Continues until the other foot is lifted for swing Interval: 0-10% Ankle rocker
- 22. Mid-stance • Begins as the other foot is lifted • Continues until body weight is aligned over the forefoot Interval: 10-30%
- 23. Terminal stance • Begins with heel rise • Continues until the other foot strikes the ground Interval: 30- 50% Forefoot rocker
- 24. Pre-swing • Begins with initial contact of the opposite limb • Ends with ipsilateral toe-offInterval: 50-60%
- 25. Initial- swing • Begins with lift of the foot from the floor • Ends when the swinging foot is opposite the stance footInterval: 60-73%
- 26. Mid-swing • Begins as the swinging limb is opposite the stance limb • Ends when the swinging limb is forward and the tibia is vertical Interval: 73-87%
- 27. Terminal- swing • Begins with a vertical tibia • Ends when the foot strikes the floor Interval: 87-100%
- 28. Different Rockers Heel Rockers Forefoot Rockers Ankle Rockers
- 29. Joint motions - Phases of Gait
- 30. Hip joint:
- 31. Knee joint:
- 32. Ankle joint:
- 33. Muscle actions - phases of gait
- 34. Initial contact
- 35. Loading response
- 36. Mid-stance
- 37. Terminal-stance
- 38. Pre-swing
- 39. Initial-swing
- 40. Mid-swing
- 41. Terminal-swing
- 42. References • Gait analysis: normal and pathological function. Jacquelin Perry. • Joint structure and function. 4th edition. Cynthia Norkin.
Editor's Notes
- Speed combines both spatial and temporal parameters= step length X step time
- Heel contact- heel comes in contact with the ground Foot flat- entire plantar surface in contact with the ground Mid stance- point at which body’s weight passes directly over the supporting lower extremity; foot in swing phase is next to stance leg
- The traditional terminology developed as interest in gait rehabilitation mounted after WWII in the effort to improve lower extremity prosthetics. It describes gait in terms of discreet, momentary events, such as heelstrike, heel rise, and toe-off
- The Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) terminology became increasingly popular in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s and is currently assuming a position as the preferred standard among clinicians. It describes gait more in terms of processes or segments of time, such as loading response, terminal stance, and pre-swing, and because it is semantically more generic and better encompasses the common features of normal and pathological gait
- The Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) terminology became increasingly popular in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s and is currently assuming a position as the preferred standard among clinicians. It describes gait more in terms of processes or segments of time, such as loading response, terminal stance, and pre-swing, and because it is semantically more generic and better encompasses the common features of normal and pathological gait
- Objective: The limb is positioned to start stance with a heel rocker.
- Ob: Shock absorption Weight-bearing stability Preservation of progression
- Ob: progression over the stationary foot; Limb and trunk stability
- Ob: Progression of the body beyond the supporting foot
- Ob: Position the limb for swing
- Ob: Foot c1earance of the floor Advancement of the limb from its trailing position
- Objectives: Limb advancement Foot clearance from the floor
- Objectives: Complete limb advancement Prepare the limb for stance
- HEEL ROCKER. Lasts from initial contact to the time of foot flat. Its function is to translate the vertical component of the ground reaction force into forward progression of the tibia through the link provided by the eccentric action of tibialis anterior. ANKLE ROCKER. Lasts from the time of foot flat to heel rise. Its function is to control the rate of forward progression of the body as the tibia rotates at the ankle joint over the fixed foot under the eccentric control of the triceps surae. FOREFOOT ROCKER. Lasts from heel rise until the end of stance. It functions to extend the period of ground contact via the gastrocnemius to exploit the GRF vector’s helpful influence on swing initiation.