Intended for BPT 1st year undergraduate students.
Acknowledgement: Swathi Ganesh, my classmate during MPT prepared the slide which I modified for the purpose of teaching students.
7. Variables in Gait cycle
Temporal
variables
• Stance time
• Single-limb time
• Double-support
time
• Swing time
• Stride time
• Step time
• Cadence- 110
steps/m
Spatial
variables
• Stride length- 144
cm
• Step length- 72 cm
• Step width- 8-10
cm
• Degree of “toe-out”
(Foot angle)- 5-7°
9. Determinants of Gait
• Pelvic Rotation
• Pelvic List
• Knee Flexion in Stance
• Ankle flexion and extension
mechanisms
• Knee, ankle and foot rotation
• Lateral displacement of the pelvis
10. Phases of Gait
• Stance phase
• Occurs when the
foot is in contact
with the ground
• Accounts for about
60% of the gait
cycle
• Swing phase
• Occurs when the
foot is not in
contact with the
ground
• Accounts for
about 40% of the
gait cycle
19. • Divisions of gait cycle
• Temporal and spatial variables
• Determinants of gait
• Phases of gait cycle
Summary
20. Initial contact
• The instant when the
foot strikes the ground
Interval: 0-2%
Heel rocker
21. Loading
response
• Begins with initial
floor contact
• Continues until the
other foot is lifted for
swing
Interval: 0-10%
Ankle rocker
22. Mid-stance
• Begins as the other
foot is lifted
• Continues until body
weight is aligned over
the forefoot
Interval: 10-30%
23. Terminal stance
• Begins with heel rise
• Continues until the
other foot strikes the
ground
Interval: 30-
50%
Forefoot rocker
24. Pre-swing
• Begins with initial
contact of the
opposite limb
• Ends with ipsilateral
toe-offInterval: 50-60%
25. Initial- swing
• Begins with lift of the
foot from the floor
• Ends when the
swinging foot is
opposite the stance
footInterval: 60-73%
26. Mid-swing
• Begins as the
swinging limb is
opposite the stance
limb
• Ends when the
swinging limb is
forward and the tibia
is vertical
Interval: 73-87%
42. References
• Gait analysis: normal and pathological
function. Jacquelin Perry.
• Joint structure and function. 4th edition. Cynthia
Norkin.
Editor's Notes
Speed combines both spatial and temporal parameters= step length X step time
Heel contact- heel comes in contact with the ground
Foot flat- entire plantar surface in contact with the ground
Mid stance- point at which body’s weight passes directly over the supporting lower extremity; foot in swing phase is next to stance leg
The traditional terminology developed as interest in gait rehabilitation mounted after WWII in the effort to improve lower extremity prosthetics. It describes gait in terms of discreet, momentary events, such as heelstrike, heel rise, and toe-off
The Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) terminology became increasingly popular in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s and is currently assuming a position as the preferred standard among clinicians. It describes gait more in terms of processes or segments of time, such as loading response, terminal stance, and pre-swing, and because it is semantically more generic and better encompasses the common features of normal and pathological gait
The Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) terminology became increasingly popular in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s and is currently assuming a position as the preferred standard among clinicians. It describes gait more in terms of processes or segments of time, such as loading response, terminal stance, and pre-swing, and because it is semantically more generic and better encompasses the common features of normal and pathological gait
Objective: The limb is positioned to start stance with a heel rocker.
Ob: Shock absorption
Weight-bearing stability
Preservation of progression
Ob: progression over the stationary foot; Limb and trunk stability
Ob: Progression of the body beyond the supporting foot
Ob: Position the limb for swing
Ob: Foot c1earance of the floor
Advancement of the limb from its trailing position
Objectives:
Limb advancement
Foot clearance from the floor
Objectives:
Complete limb advancement
Prepare the limb for stance
HEEL ROCKER.
Lasts from initial contact to the time of foot flat. Its function is to translate the vertical component of the
ground reaction force into forward progression of the tibia through the link provided by the eccentric action
of tibialis anterior.
ANKLE ROCKER.
Lasts from the time of foot flat to heel rise. Its function is to control the rate of forward progression of the
body as the tibia rotates at the ankle joint over the fixed foot under the eccentric control of the triceps surae.
FOREFOOT ROCKER.
Lasts from heel rise until the end of stance. It functions to extend the period of ground contact via the
gastrocnemius to exploit the GRF vector’s helpful influence on swing initiation.