Introduction and Brief History of Computers
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Introduction and Brief History of Computers
- 1. Introduction & History of Computers,Their Applications By: Khalid Khan Sarhad University of Science & InformationTechnology Peshawar
- 2. Contents • What is Computer? • Who is a User? • Data & Information • InformationTechnology (IT) • History of Computers • Generations • Types of Computers • Classification of Computers
- 4. What is Computer? Definitions: • A computer is normally considered as calculating machine that can perform arithmetic operation at a very high speed. • Computers are electronic devices that is programmed to • accept data (input), • (process) that data into useful information, • produce (output), and then • (store) for later use.
- 5. Who is a user? • Someone that communicates with a computer
- 6. Data & Information Definitions: • DATA A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. It may consist of numbers, characters, symbols etc • INFORMATION Processed data is called information. It is more meaningful than data.
- 7. InformationTechnology • Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful. • Information technology is the use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information.. • Computer is a very important component of information technology
- 9. Mechanical computers (1600-1900) early designs for more traditional computers - based on mechanical techniques. Slide rule Abacus Pascal Calculator
- 11. First Generation -VacuumTubes 1. From 1946 to 1956 •It can perform 2,000 to 16,000 additions per second •Had main memory 100 bytes to 2 kilobytes 2. Used vacuum tubes 3.Very large machines •special rooms to house them with air conditioning •specially trained technicians to run & maintain
- 12. Second Generation -Transistors 1. From 1959 to around 1965 2. Smaller, faster, and more reliable used transistors 6,000 to 3,00,000 operations/s main memory 6 kilobytes to 1.3 megabytes 3. one-tenth the price of a 1st Generation 4. become common in larger businesses and universities
- 13. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits 1. Form 1965 to around 1972 2. Used integrated circuits – many transistors on one piece of silicon 3. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower in price • Size of a stove or refrigerator, some can fit on desktops • Can perform trillions of operations per second • Cost about one-tenth the amount of second generation computers 4. These Computers become very common in medium to large businesses
- 14. Fourth Generation - Microprocessors 1. From 1972 until now 2. Used large scale to very large scale integrated circuits • Put more than one IC on a silicon chip • Can do more than one function 3. smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower in price • Size of a television or much smaller • Can do 500,000 to 1,000,000,000 operations/second • Cost one-tenth, or less, the amount of third generation 4. very common in homes and business
- 15. Types of Computer • Analog computers • Digital computers
- 16. Analog Computers • An analog computer recognizes data as a continuous measurement of a physical property. • It has no state • Its output is usually displayed on a meter or graphs. • Examples are Analog clock, speedo-meter of a car, thermo-meter etc
- 17. Digital Computers • It works with numbers • They breaks all types of information into tiny units and use numbers to represent those pieces of information. • Everything is described in two states i.e. either ON (1) or OFF (0). • They are very fast and have big memory
- 20. Supercomputer • A supercomputer is a computer with a high-level computational capacity compared to a general-purpose computer. • It comprised of multiple high performance computers working in parallel as a single system. • Super Computers uses thousands of processor at a same time. • Used for nuclear weapon weather forecasting, Scientific Simulition, oil and gas exploration or in large companies.
- 21. Mainframe • Mainframes are huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor! • mainframes can run multiple instances of operating systems at the same time. • Mainframe are used primarily by large organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing • It uses for online data storage. • Mainframe used for transaction processing in banking, Airlines etc
- 22. Workstation • A desktop computer that has a more powerful processor, • additional memory (RAM, Hard drive) and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development. • Multiple users can use single workstation all together.
- 23. Server • A computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. • Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. • Multiple CPU’s & Hard drives
- 24. DESKTOP • A PC that is not designed for portability. • you will set the computer up in a permanent location. • Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than portable computers.
- 25. Laptop • Also called notebooks. • Laptop are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package.
- 26. Palmtop • More commonly known as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) • palmtops are tightly integrated computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage. • usually do not have keyboards but rely on touchscreen technology for user input. • A slightly larger and heavier version of the palmtop is the handheld computer.