2. Gilded Age
Architecture Victorian Influence
Henry Hobson
Richardson
Louis Sullivan
“Father of
Skyscrapers”
“form follows
function”
Frank Lloyd Wright
“organic
architecture”
Foursquare Homes
8. Origins and Causes
Stock crash = symptom
Banks lacked money, people lost savings, debts were
called in, no cash
Production stopped, workers fired, no $,
consumption declined, no profits, more workers
fired
9. Origins and Causes
Wealth inequalities
Ballooning stock market
Over reliance on unprotected loans
Too much speculation & borrowing
Overproduction and uneven distribution
capabilities
14. The Bonus
Army/MarchWorld War One veterans
Gov’t denied their pensions
Marched on Washington, 1932
Congregated around White House
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Deep class divisions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqevdBZCbcQ
16. Immediate
Responses, 1933
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Federal funds for relief
National Industrial Recovery Act
Fair work and competition codes
Administration to enforce codes
Guaranteed labor’s right to organize
17. New Deal Programs
Civilian Conservation Corps
Soil Conservation Service
Soil Erosion
Planting trees
Irrigation and range management
19. Works Progress Administration
WPA
Biggest agency
1935 employed 8 million and
$2 billion fund
Bridges, reservoirs, irrigation, sewage, schools,
playgrounds, education, training
Work Programs paid minimum wages, pulled them
off charity and soup lines
“We Work Again”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gk0SpTOi9Aw
20. 1935 Social Security
Act
Safety net for all Americans
Percentage of paycheck
Based on shorter life-span
Intended to supplement (not
replace) income
Less inclined to “retire”
21. Financial System
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC)
Insured individual bank deposits
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
Regulated trading practices in stocks and
bonds
22. Problems with New
Deal
Relief based on race: Tucson
scaled payments based on race
Favored large industries and
business
Hurt some small farmers
Local agencies administered
relief and ran programs
24. Water and the West
Bureau of Reclamation
Hoover Dam
Water for L.A., Imperial Valley, Phoenix, and power for
region
Central Valley Project harnessed the Sacramento
River
Water storage, irrigation, hydro-electricity
Federal-corporate alliance
$2.5 billion by 1935
26. Grand Coulee Dam
Columbia River, 1941
Largest concrete structure in the
world
Created a 150 mile lake
Too much power
Bonneville Power Administration
Powered 70% of Northwest
27.
28. The Dust Bowl
Economic and environmental disaster
Overproduction, monocrops
Plowed up grasses for farms to meet the needs of a
booming wheat market
Soil exhaustion, soil erosion
Drought and winds
1935: Blew winds from CO and NE, blackened the
sky across the plains, into the East and Atlantic
Ocean
29. Responses
Killed millions of animals,
burned millions of tons of
food
Taylor Grazing Act
Federal control of grazing
30. Migrants: Okies
Poor whites and
sharecroppers
Evicted from OK, TX,
MI, ARK
Going to CAL
L.A. Police Chief “bum
blockade”
37. African Americans
Jobs in gov’t
Sharecropping
100,000 blacks evicted by
AAA
No loans from FHA
Mary McCloud Bethune
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
38. “Share the Wealth”
Huey Long
Populist Gov. in LA
Use of radio and sensational claims
Rhetoric of poverty / class tensions
Senator
Share the Wealth
Social Justice
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdzAbxsjPRA&NR=1
39. Public Art and
CultureFederal Writers Project
Theater
Oral histories of slavery, folk lore, Indian stories,
Mexican Revolution, cowboys, frontier life, etc
National cultural resources and heritage
Federal Arts Program
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKsm3SmBBKU&feature=rel
45. End of the Depression
Federal spending on an unprecedented level failed to
stop it
The largest entrance of the federal government into
the American economy
Made the federal government into a “broker state”
between labor and capital
Social programs and “safety net”
Brought fed gov’t into the lives of nearly all
Westerners
WWII ended the Depression
46. Comparisons with the Present?
Wealth inequalities
Deregulation
Bad Home mortgages
Massive individual debt
Inflated costs & uncontrolled speculative investments
in commodities
Collapse of investment-debt-loan system
A Vicious Cycle:
Retraction of loans, increase in job losses, fall in investments,
layoffs, decline in consumption, reduced production,
layoffs, no consumption…
49. The Thriving
Peacetime Economy
The years following World War II
saw one of the longest sustained
economic expansions in the
history of the U.S.
The automobile industry played
a key role in the expansion with
millions of cars quickly
produced and the steady
construction of the interstate
50.
51. Changing Work
PatternsAt this point in history, the United States
stopped being primarily a goods producer
and began a new path as a service
provider
People enjoyed the leisure resulting from
work which was characterized by
conformity and “belongingness.”
White-collar and blue-collar workers
enjoyed a higher standard of living than
ever before
54. Population Growth
During the Great Depression,
the birthrate had dropped to an
all-time low
The birth rate exploded as
millions of postwar Americans
began families
The death rate was also
declining due to peacetime and
55.
56. Movement West
Postwar American became more
mobile than ever before; most
headed west
Cities throughout the Sunbelt
South and West coast saw
enormous growth as Americans
who had been stationed in these
areas returned after the war.
Population also shifted away
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. Technology
A technological revolution transformed the
war efforts of the Atomic Commission into a
collection of scientist hard at work to improve
transportation, satellites, and other consumer
goods that were often the byproducts of
military research
The new field of computers also reflected the
technology of the era; tiny transistors would
help miniaturize computers for use in many
items from ovens to vacuum cleaners
64. Traditional Roles for
Men and Women
The necessities of World War II had
interrupted the natural progression of social
roles for men and women
Postwar, men and women had different
expectations: education and business for
men and homemaking and childrearing for
women
Slow change during the decade
reestablished the working patterns of the
war: women found more entry points into
corporate America
65. Cultural Rebels
Influences of mysticism and
Buddhism
Writers of the “Beat
Generation” Jack Kerouac and
Allen Ginsberg: developed new
styles of writing; introduction of
the paperback novel
Elvis Presley and new rebellion
of Rock-n-Roll
67. Harry Truman
America’s first postwar
president
Believed the federal government
held the responsibility of
ensuring social welfare of
Americans
His liberal program of social
reform was rejected by
Congress, but he was elected to
68.
69. The Fair Deal
With a new national mandate as
a result of the election, Truman
again tabled his liberal social
program which would be known
as the “Fair Deal”
Despite mixed results and some
failures, Truman was responsible
for keeping the Democratic
Party alive after its near
70. Ike
Truman’s popularity fell
drastically during his term
Former General Dwight D.
Eisenhower was elected the
next Republican president
The opposite to Truman in
almost every way, Eisenhower
was a restrained president and
desired a limited role of the
72. Poverty Amid
Affluence
Economic growth of the era
favored the middle and upper
classes
Fully one third of the population
lived substandard existences,
usually along the lines of race
African Americans continued to
be this country’s least
prosperous group of citizens
79. IntroductionIntroduction
The sixties were a time of change, and the sixties
were the age of youth.
I 70 million children from the post-war baby boom
became teenagers and young adults.
Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Civil Rights
Movements, The Beatles, Hippie Culture,
Woodstock Festival and assassinations.
79
98. Reagan’s Plan
Reducing the size of the Federal
government
Lowering government spending
promoting traditional morality
and values
stimulating business by reducing
government
regulations and lowering taxes
99. “Reaganomics”
To reach this goal Reagan:
make deep cuts in government
spending on social welfare
programs
lower taxes
100. Supply Side
Economics
“Trickle
Down” affect
The idea is that:
large tax cuts on investments would give more money to the wealthy
in turn the wealthy would invest their money in new businesses in
order to make more money
the new businesses would create new products and services creating
more jobs for workers
more workers would be making more money creating more taxpayers
more taxpayers would increase federal revenues
101. The Results of
Reaganomics
1982 -initially high interest rates
caused a severe recession
1986 – inflation dropped to 4%
(1980 = 14%)
GNP increased by 10%
Unemployment declined
Stock Market soared
103. George HW Bush
Despite
popularity due
to the success
with the Gulf
War there were
many problems
that led to Bush
Sr. not being re-
elected
104. President Bill Clinton
Increase taxes to
reduce the national
debt. Balanced
budget
NAFTA
Midterm Elections
of 1994 Democrats
lost control of both
Houses
105. Clinton’s Second Term
1998 Monica Lewinsky
scandal
Clinton denied involvement, lying
under oath
They obtained a semen-stained
dress and testimony from
Lewinsky and Clinton confessed
and apologized
Impeachment of Clinton in
1998 after the scandal they
acquitted him and he was not
forced to leave office.
106. Technology
Internet becomes
available-World Wide Web
Cell phones
More personal computers;
Video Games: Donkey
Kong, Super Mario World,
Pokemon, Mario Kart, Test
Drive series, StarCraft,
Sonic.
PlayStation
