2. China is a country with a large population and less arable land.
With only seven percent of the world’s cultivated land, China has
to feed one-fifth of the world’s population. Chinese agriculture
occupies an important position in the world.
Total geographical area- 1207 m ha
Total population- 1.3 billion
Total cultivated area- 321 million acres
Population depend on agriculture- 50 per cent
Share of agriculture to GDP- 20 per cent
Cultivated land availability -1 acre per agricultural worker.
Total area under irrigation-30 per cent
3. History
• The first extension station was established in 1924 in
Wujiang,The County, Anhui Province, followed by the
establishment of an agricultural research station.
• In 1929,”Regulation of Agro extension”, which was the
first law of extension, was enacted in the form of the
Central Agro-extension. During the 1950s, after the People
Republic of China came into being, the agricultural
technology extension (ATE) system was well set up.
County-level demonstration farms, manned by Mutual Help
Group model laborers and technicians and ATE stations
were established.
4. With the end of Cultural Revolution in the late 1970s, the
commune system also collapsed and the government
started reforming its agricultural extension services.
Presently, the public ATE system of china functions at
five administrative levels, i.e. national, provincial, city,
county and township. The county and township levels
constitute the basis of this grassroots extension system.
The Enhancement of Agricultural Extension System
Project that was implemented from 1999 to 2004 in
Zigong City of the Sichuan Province may be called an
example of cooperation between Japan and China.
5. Public Institutions
EXTENSION PROVIDERS
The national level extension institution is the National
Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center
(NATESC).
After that a large number of Agricultural Technology Extension
and Services Centers(ATESCs) are located at each
administrative level i.e. provincial, city/prefectural, county and
township, which cover four technical are namely crops,
livestock, aquaculture and agriculture and agricultural
machinery. The ATE system performs the following functions:
• Provision of public service
• Supporting science and technology
• Improving farmer’s capability
6. • The government launched the “Golden
Agricultural Program” in 1994 under which
substantial progress has been made in delivering
information to the farming population.
NON-PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS:
There are no extension advisory services offered by
the private sector.
7. Six generations of China’s agricultural
extension system
Establishment of local extension system (1949–1957)
In the 1950s, many policies are made to increase
agricultural production, and expand agricultural extension
services.
In 1952, according to the communist party of China
CPC’s, ministry of agriculture proposed to establish a
technology extension network which centers on farm,
which is based on mutual aid group and relies on
technicians.
8. • In 1953, ministry of agriculture released the Plan on
Agricultural Extension and Suggestions on Expanding
Agricultural Institutes and Intensifying Technology Support.
These two documents require building extension station at the
district level.
• In 1954, Regulations for Agricultural Technology Extension
Station are made to define the task, management, rules,
funding, equipment, etc. of extension stations.
• In 1957, local agricultural extension stations, animal
husbandry and veterinary workstations and Fishery
Technology Extension Stations are built nationwide.
9. “Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences(CAAS)”
• Located at Beijing, china.
• Established in 1957.
• Representing china’s most important national agricultural research organization.
• Affiliated to Ministry of Agriculture of People’s Republic of China.
CAAS has about 1000 staff members and 38 research institutions located across 17
different provinces, national municipalities and the autonomous regions.
CAAS plays an important role in solving the science and technology issues with
general, directional and critical importance in China’s agricultural and rural
development as well as in training high level agricultural research professionals and
unfolding international exchange and cooperation in agricultural science and
technology.
10. Training options for extension professionals
– Pre-service education in extension may be
obtained at any of agricultural academic
institutions in China. These institutions
offer degree programs in various
agricultural disciplines.
11. 1. China Agricultural University
•Established in
1905
•Comprises 18
colleges and
schools.
12. 2. Shanxi Agricultural University
•Located in
rural town of
Taigu.
•It was
founded in
1907.
13. 3. Nanjing Agricultural University
• One of the older agricultural
university established in 1902.
• Located in Nanjing, China.
• It has established cooperation
relationship with Cornell
University, USA , since 1980s.
18. International Linkages
China-CGIAR partnership
China has been collaborating with CGIAR centers since the early
1970s, and become a CGIAR member in 1984.
The CGIAR works through the Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences(CAAS), the research arm of the Ministry of Agriculture.
Seven CGIAR centers including, International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center (CIMMYT), International Potato Center (CIP),
the International Food Policy Research Institute(IFRI),the
International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI), International Plant
Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), International Rice Research
Institute(IRRI), and International Water Management
Institute(IWMI), maintain regional offices in China.
19. • Over 50 Chinese Institutions have collaborated closely
with CGIAR Centers. More than 3,400 Chinese
scientists have received training at CGIAR Centers,
many of whom are now occupying leadership positions
throughout the CGIAR and at Chinese organizations.
• China’s partnership with CGIAR Centers focuses on
major food crops (maize, potatoes, rice and wheat),
land and water management, livestock, forestry,
fisheries and food policy. And as a result of this
partnership, China has bred more than 260 crop
varieties containing genetic material from CGIAR
Centers.
20. Indian agricultural extension system
• The first planned attempt started with the launching of Community Development
Programme in 1952, followed by the National Extension Service in 1953.
These programs were able to educate responsive farmers to take up improved
methods of farming across the country.
The other important Area-Based Special Programmes were;-
Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP, 1960),
Intensive Agriculture Area Programme (IAAP, 1964)
High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP, 1966)
Farmers Training Centers (1967) to train farmers on high yielding varieties and
improved methods of farming to back up the above programs
21. • The Cumulative effect of these programs resulted in increased productivity, which made way
to usher in ‘Green Revolution' in Indian agriculture during late 1970s.
• These programs widened gap between resource rich and resource poor farmers. In order to
enable resource poor farmers to take benefit of improved farm technology, many client-based
programs were introduced. The most important ones being:-
• Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA, 1969),
• Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Programme (MFAL, 1969)
• District Rural Development Agency/Society (DRDA, 1976)
• Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP, 1978)
• Lab to Land Programme sponsored by ICAR (LLP, 1979).
By the middle of 1980s it was observed that extension services in the developing countries
were suffering from a number of weaknesses, including the dissipation of extension workers’
energies on low priority tasks; the lack of single as well as clear line of command; and low
level of agricultural knowledge and skill among field level functionaries. As a means of
reforming and strengthening the extension service, a reorganized agricultural extension
system known as ‘Training and Visit’ (T & V) system was introduced in the country.
22. Trainingand Visit System
• This system was introduced in India in 1974 with
the World Bank assistance.
• The important features of T & V system are : (1)
Professionalism, (2) Single line of command, (3)
Concentration of efforts, (4)Time-bound work, (5)
Field and farmer orientation, (6) Regular and
continuous training and (7) Linkage with
research.