Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi kabir
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71st SWCS International Annual Conference July 24-27, 2016 Louisville, KY
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi kabir
- 1. Z. Kabir, Ph.D. Soil Health Specialist for CA, NV & PIA USDA-NRCS, Davis, CA Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in Soil Health Paradigm
- 2. Outline • AMF and soil health functions • Impact of tillage practices on AMF • Effects of land fallow on AMF • Alternative to no-till practices on AMF • Combined effects of tillage & fallow on AMF • Cover crops in relation to AMF • Conclusions
- 3. Plant and Mycorrhizal Symbiotic Relationship Carbohydrate P & other nutrients AMF
- 4. P Transport by AM Hyphae Root Soil PO4P depletion zone 2 mm 1 mm Stele AM hyphae P uptake by AMF (adapted from Hayman, 1982) Arbuscule & vesicle 100 mm
- 5. T-DNA Carrot Root and AMF Photo:Kabir
- 6. Hypha spore Soil Impact of AMF on Soil Stability Kabir
- 7. Fall Tillage Spring Tillage Tillage Practices
- 8. Seasonal Changes of AM Hyphae in Tillage Systems Kabir et al. Spring Disk Fall Plow Apr Jun Aug Oct Apr
- 9. Seasonal and Vertical Distribution of AM Hyphae in NT and CT 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 Hyphaldensity(cmcm-3) Growing period Depth (cm) NT 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 Hyphaldensity(cmcm-3) Growing period Depth (cm) CT Kabir, 2005
- 10. Influence of Tillage on AM Species Scutellospora spp. Boddington and Dodd found disappearance Kabir et al. observed disappearance G. aggregatum Glomus spp. Sieverding observed 75% G. scintillans in plowed soil while 5% in NT in CT
- 11. Tillage and Soil Aggregate Stability Treatments Soil depth 0-5 cm 5-10 cm Grass 53.2a 42.2b NT 3 yr 37.7c 24.4de NT 2 yr 30.8cd 26.4de NT 1 yr 25.0de 24.8de CT 4yr 16.7f 20.8ef Comparison of aggregate stability across treatments of no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) corn at two soil depths. Wright et al.
- 12. Intact AMF in No-till System
- 13. Williams et al. 2016 Soil Functional Zone Management
- 14. Spatial Distribution of AM Hyphae Mid-row Quarter-row Row
- 15. Sandyloam soil Activehyphallength(cmcm-3) 50 100 150 200 250 300 Totalhyphallength(cmcm-3) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 CT RT NT Clay soil Row Quarter-row Mid-row Quarter-rowRow Mid-row 1992 1993 Row Quarter-row Mid-row 1992 Spatial Distribution of AM Hyphae in two Soils Kabir et. al. Ag.Ecosys. & Environment
- 16. Fallow Soil Erosion Land Fallowing
- 17. Harinikumar and Bagyaraj 40% reduction after one season of fallow 13% reduction when a non-AMF plant in rotation In Australia, Thompson showed that mycorrhizal colonization, P, Zn uptake, yields of various crops are inversely related to the duration of the fallow. He called it a long-fallow disorder if fallow period is one year Effect of Crop Rotation and Fallow on AMF
- 18. 0 30 60 90 Fallow Period (day) Combined Effects of Tillage and Fallow Kabir et al. Soil Biol. Biochem.
- 19. Cover Crops
- 20. AM fungi bridges Cover Crops to the Subsequent Crops Cover crops die AM hyphae
- 21. Cover crop plot Fallow plot
- 22. ShootPuptake(mg) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 20 40 60 80 100 Fallow Oats Rye Rye & oats Days after planting Shootdryweight(g) 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 c b b a c b a a c b ab a c b a a 27 42 P uptake and dry weight in Cover Crops and Fallow Fields
- 23. Mycorrhizal and Non-mycorrhizal Cover Crops BuckwheatOats Winter wheat AM Fungi Non-AM Fungi
- 24. Sweet Corn Root Colonized by Mycorrhizal Fungi Days after planting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Mycorrhizalcolonization(%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Fallow Buckwheat Oats Winter wheat * * * * * *
- 25. ShootPuptake(mg) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Fallow Buckwheat Oats Winter wheat c c b a c c b a Days after planting 14 31 Cornshootdryweight(g) 0 1 2 3 4 c c b a c c b a Corn P uptake and Shoot Dry Weight
- 26. Suitable Crop Rotation Corn following Soybean (Mycotrophic) Corn following Canola (Non-mycotrophic) Koide, BYU
- 27. Hyphal Length and Soil Aggregates in Cover Crops and Fallow Field AM hyphal length (m g-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Waterstablesoilaggregates(%) 10 20 30 40 50 60 Fallow Rye Oats Rye + Oats R2 = 0.39 Hyphal length = 19.06 + 0.74 (%WSA) P < 0.05 Kabir and Koide Plant and Soil
- 28. • Judicial manipulation of agronomic practices would benefit AMF survival and its benefits • Minimal or no disturbance of soil improve AM fungal propagules and its diversity • Mycotrophic plant in cropping systems throughout year would improve AM fungal survival and benefit to the soil and crops Conclusions
- 29. Thank You
- 30. Ear Production of Corn in Different Cover Crops Treatments
- 31. Annual Plants P uptake Plants take up-10-20 % applied P AM fungi
- 32. AM Hyphae Produced Phosphatase Koide & Kabir
- 33. Seasonal and vertical distribution of Spore in NT and CT 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Sporedensity(no.cm-3) GrowingperiodinNT Depth(cm) Sporedensity(no.cm-3) 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 G row ing period in CT Depth (cm)