Swaati tryrosine & tryptophan
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Amino acid : Tyrosine & Tryptophan
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Swaati tryrosine & tryptophan
- 1. Tyrosine & TryptophanTyrosine & Tryptophan Submitted to: Submitted by:- Dr. Jawaid Ahsan Swati Kumari (Dept. of Biological science) M.Sc. Bioinformatics Biotechnology 2nd Semester CUB1403122022 2014-2016
- 4. IntroductionIntroduction Tyrosine, organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. Its codons are UAC and UAU. A hydrophillic amino acid which is a constituent of most proteins and is important in the synthesis of some hormone.
- 5. OverviewOverview Molecular formula :- C9H11NO3 Three letter code :- Tyr One letter code :- Y IUPAC Name :- Tyrosine Alternative Name :- L -2-Amino-3-(4- hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid Chemical Properties :- Aromatic Group & Hyroxyl Group Physical Property :- Non Polar Basic Property :- pI – 5.66 Occurance in protein :- 3.2% Solubility in water :- Very soluble
- 6. StructureStructure Nonpolar aromatic amino acid, contain o hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring. Hydroxyl group is paticularly important because theae residue are utilized in the phasphorylation of other protein.
- 7. 3D structure & PDB coding3D structure & PDB coding
- 8. HistoryHistory First discovered by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1846. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyros, which meaning is “cheese”. Also called “Tyrosyl”, when reffered to as a “functional group” or side chain.
- 9. BiosynthesisBiosynthesis It is not essential to the human diet, since it can be synthesized in the body from “phenylalanine”. The conversion of “phe” to “tyr” is catalized by the enzyme “phenylalanine hydroxylase”.
- 10. Phenaylalanine & Tyrosine CatabolismPhenaylalanine & Tyrosine Catabolism As we know that the tyrosine is derive from phenylalanine. Thus, phenylalanine catabolism always follows the pathway of tyrosine catabolism. Tyrosine is equally important for protein biosynthesis as well as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of several physiologically important metabolites e.g. dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.
- 11. Phenaylalanine & Tyrosine CatabolismPhenaylalanine & Tyrosine Catabolism
- 12. SourceSource Tyrosine, non-essential which can also be synthesized in the our body from phenylalanine. It is found in many high-protein food products such as :- chicken, fish, milk, yogurt, cheese, peanuts, almonds, soy products, lima beans, Cottage, bananas.
- 13. FunctionsFunctions Precursor to neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline) and melanin. The Antidepressant- Effective anti-depressant for norepinephrine- deficient depressions. Acts as a mood elevator; a lack of adequate amounts of tyrosine leads to a deficiency of norepinephrine in the brain, which in turn can result in depression. Suppresses the appetite Helps to reduce body fat. It aids in the production of melanin (the pigment responsible for skin and hair color) Also it aids in the functions of the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands. Increases energy, improves mental clarity and concentration.
- 14. USESUSES Tyrosine can be used as a safe and lasting therapy, useful in a variety of clinical situations-depression, hypertension, Parkinson's disease, low sex drive, appetite suppression and therapy for cocaine addicts . Tyrosine fights all kinds of stress because it is the precursor of adrenalin, which is used up during stress.
- 15. DeficienciesDeficiencies Phenylketonuria (PKU) - Phenylketonuria is “inherited disorder”, increase the level of phenylalanine in the blood due to break down of phenylalanine into tyrosine not active. Women who have high levels of phenylalanine during pregnancy are at high risk for having babies born with mental retardation, heart problems, small head size and developmental delay. This is because the babies are exposed to their mother's very high levels of phenylalanine before they are born. Parkinson's Disease - Also called PD, Hypokinetic Rigid Syndrome (HRS), disorder of the control nervous system.
- 16. DeficienciesDeficiencies Hyperthyroidism - It is “endocrine disorder” . In this disorder thyroid gland doesn't produced enough thyroid hormone. Drug addiction and dependency Depression low blood pressure low body temperature (such as cold hands and feet) restless leg syndrome.
- 18. IntroductionIntroduction Tryptophan , organic compound, one of the 20 amino acid commonly found in animal proteins. It is “essential amino acid”. Tryptophan is an amino acid needed for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. Its codons are UGG.
- 19. OverveiwOverveiw Molecular formula :- C11H12N2O2 Three letter code :- Trp One letter code :- W IUPAC Name :- Typrtophan Alternative Name :- indole-3-alanie Chemical Properties :- Aromatic Group Physical Property :- Non Polar Basic Property :- pI – 5.89 Occurance in protein :- 1.4 % Solubility in water :- soluble in hot alchohal, insoluble in chloroform
- 20. StructureStructure Typtophan is an amino acid of aromatic ring of nitrogen & hydrogen group and is hydrophillic. One of the side chain is 5 membered while the other is 6 and 2 carbon are shared by both aromatic ring.
- 21. 3D structure & PDB coding3D structure & PDB coding
- 22. HistoryHistory The amino acid was isolated from casein (milk protein) in 1901, by Frederick Hopkins. Its structure was established in 1907.
- 23. Tryptophan metabolismTryptophan metabolism Firstly Tryptophan is converted into 5-Hydroxy-tryptophan with the help of enzme Tryptophan hydroylase. With the help of enzme Decarboxylase 5-Hydroxy-tryptophan is converted into Serotonin, which is important for normal nerve and brain function.
- 24. SourceSource Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning we need to get it from our diet because our body cannot produce it. Rich Food Sources of Tryptophan :- Cheese Chicken Eggs Fish Milk Nuts Soya Pumpkin seed Peanuts Turkey
- 25. FunctionFunction Production of Niacin (Vitamin B) The Sleep Promoter : Effective sleep aid, due to conversion to serotonin. Reduces anxiety. Effective in some forms of depression and to stabilize moods. Treatment for migraine headaches. Stimulates growth hormone. Helps to control hyperactivity in children. Alleviates stress. Aids in weight control by reducing appetite. Produce sertonin, a neurotransmitter important for normal nerve and brain function.
- 26. UsesUses Tryptophan is also beneficial in some forms of schizophrenia; it probably acts by balancing dopamine excess. Patients with kidney failure, on birth control pills, or with Down's syndrome may need more tryptophan.
- 27. DeficienciesDeficiencies Pellagra - It is “vitamin-deficiency disease” most frequency caused by a chronic lack of niacin (vitamin B) in diet. Insomnia - Also known as “Sleepnees” is a sleep disorder in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired. ALS - Also called “Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis” is specific disorder that involves the death of neurons.
- 28. DeficienciesDeficiencies Fructose malabsorption - The disorder fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, reduced levels of tryptophan in the blood,and depression. Depression. Diarreha. Digestion problems. Headaches. Sleepness.