Figures
Abstract
Background
To investigate the effects of consolidation radiation in patients with stage IE-IIE, non-bulky primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
Methods
A cohort consisted of 71 consecutive patients with stage IE-IIE, non-bulky primary gastric DLBCL was retrospectively analyzed. All of them had been in complete remission after receiving at least four cycles of chemotherapy, containing rituximab or not. Consolidation radiation was delivered thereafter in 28 patients while other 43 received clinical observation only. Locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were compared between patients with or without radiotherapy.
Citation: Li Q, Li W, Wang L, Wang W, Niu S, Bi X, et al. (2015) Consolidation Radiotherapy in Stage IE- IIE, Non-Bulky Primary Gastric Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Post-Chemotherapy Complete Remission. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133469. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133469
Editor: Hiroyoshi Ariga, Hokkaido University, JAPAN
Received: April 9, 2015; Accepted: June 29, 2015; Published: July 20, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
30–45% of all extranodal malignant lymphomas is represented by gastric lymphoma [1–2]. Of all gastric lymphomas, primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) accounts for about 30%, which is the second most common type of lymphoma occurs in stomach, after mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma [3]. The majority of primary gastric DLBCL presents as localized stage, IE/IIE, the optimal therapy of which remains unresolved [4–6].
Treatment modalities for primary gastric DLBCL have altered dramatically during the last decades. Surgery used to play important roles in attaining pathologic specimens, staging and achieving successful local control, but postoperative complications, e.g. dumping syndrome, weight loss, malabsorption syndrome and impairment of quality of life were constantly noticed [7]. Moreover, it is suspected that surgery alone might not be strong enough to prevent systemic recurrence [8]. During recent years, in diagnostic procedures, surgical staging has been replaced by advanced endoscopy and imaging technique. As a treatment, it is no longer obligatory since increasing evidence arose that conservative treatment approach, which has advantage of organ preservation theoretically, leads to comparable or even better clinical outcomes. 10-year overall survival for patients receiving chemotherapy alone reaches to 96%, similar to results of surgery followed by chemotherapy in controlled clinical trials. Local control rate was reported 84–93% in the limited literatures about primary gastric DLBCL [8–10].
As a choice for conservative approaches, radiotherapy (RT) is regarded potentially beneficial in elevating local control and other long-term outcomes. But the most reasonable sequence of multiple treatments is still an open question. Because there does not seem to be any evidence to treat limited-stage primary gastric DLBCL differently from other stage I/II nodal or extranodal DLBCL [11], the principle of treatment for gastric DLBCL follows that of general DLBCLs. Either three cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin, prednisone and rituximab (RCHOP) followed by involved field radiation (IFRT) or long-course chemotherapy (6 cycles of RCHOP) is recommended as standard in National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline. However, whether RT benefits patients who have achieved complete remission (CR) after at least 4 cycles of chemotherapy remains controversial, especially in the rituximab era. In fact, randomized trial comparing the addition of rituximab or radiation is unlikely to be conducted because of the confirmed survival benefit from immunochemotherapy [12]. Our research aimed at retrospectively investigating the effects of RT in patients with stage IE-IIE, non-bulky primary gastric DLBCL, who have achieved CR after at least four cycles of chemotherapy, including cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin, prednisone (CHOP)-like and RCHOP-like regimens.
Materials and Methods
Patient characteristics
This study was designed as a retrospective cohort study. Between December 1987 and November 2013, 71 consecutive patients, ≥18 years of age, with Ann Arbor stage IE-IIE pathological confirmed primary gastric DLBCL who were hospitalised at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were identified. All of them received at least four cycles of chemotherapy and achieved post-chemotherapy CR, followed by involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT) as consolidation. Patients with stage III-IV disease, bulky tumor, history of previous chemotherapy or RT, or history of previous or concurrent malignancy at the time of diagnosis were excluded. The study was reviewed and approved by Ethic Committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Since it was a retrospective analysis of routine data, we requested and were granted a waiver of individual informed consent from Ethic Committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center.
Treatments
Chemotherapy used in patients was based on CHOP-like, e.g. CHOP, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin, prednisone, etoposide (ECHOP), or RCHOP-like, e.g. RCHOP, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, oncovin, prednisone, etoposide, rituximab (RECHOP) regimens, no less than four cycles. Patients with surgery, no matter radical or palliative, were not excluded. RT was planned as conventional external beam radiation, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, or intensity modulated radiotherapy depending on the progress of RT technique in our institute, which started within 3 months after the completion of chemotherapy. The radiated volume included drainage regions with initial positive nodes. The dose of radiation and numbers of chemotherapy cycles were independently decided by patients’ attending oncologists, and retrospectively collected by researchers.
Response evaluation and follow-up
During chemotherapy, tumor response was evaluated by endoscopy, and contrast enhanced computer tomography or positron emission tomography/computer tomography every two cycles. Clinical complete remission was defined as complete resolution of tumor at endoscopy and on image, which was consistently confirmed by the following examinations. Follow-up evaluation at the outpatient clinic included clinical symptoms assessment, physical examination, laboratory analysis e.g. regular blood test, blood biochemistry test, β2-microglobin, and imaging or histological test if necessary, which was performed every 3 months during the first 2 years after treatment, every 6 months in the third year and once a year thereafter.
Study end points
The primary endpoints of this study were locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Locoregional recurrence was defined as recurrence occurring in the stomach or regional lymph node drainage area, while other relapse was considered as distant metastasis. DFS was defined as the time from the diagnosis to relapse or death. OS was defined as the time from diagnosis to death from any cause.
Statistical methods
All endpoints were assessed using Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate analyses were performed by log-rank test. Multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Potential prognostic factors with p<0.1 in univariate analyses were included in multivariate analyses. Comparisons of clinico-pathologic variables were performed by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for nominal variables. p-values <0.05 (two-sided) were considered to be statistically significant. All tests were conducted using SPSS 21.0.
Results
All data are shown in S1 Dataset.
Patient and treatment characteristics
Clinico-pathologic characteristics based on RT are presented in Table 1. Among 71 patients, 28 received RT and 43 did not. The median RT dose was 36 Gy (range: 21.4–40 Gy). Patients who did not receive RT tended to receive surgery more often (p = 0.002). Except for two emergency operations in the case of gastric perforation during chemotherapy, all patients receiving surgery are operated before commence of chemotherapy. Since the early involvement of radical resection, the rate of early CR was higher in patients without RT (p = 0.008). The median interval between the end of chemotherapy and start of RT was 43 (range: 15–89) days.There were no differences in the distributions of age, gender, pathological types [13], size of tumor, location, stage, B symptoms, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), performance status (PS), international prognostic index (IPI), chemotherapy regimens and number of chemotherapy cycles between patients with or without RT.
Failure patterns
The median follow-up duration was 52 (range: 7–265) months for all patients, 50 (range: 7–140) in RT group and 53 (range: 8–265) in non-RT group. During the follow-up, 11(15.4%) patients experienced disease recurrence, 2 (7.1%) in RT group and 9 (20.9%) in non-RT group, respectively. 2 (7.1%) patients in RT group developed distant metastasis, without any cases of locoregional relapse. In non-RT group, locoregional and distal recurrence was found in 7 (16.3%) and 6 (14.0%) patients, respectively. 7 deaths were observed, 2 (7.1%) in RT group and 5 (11.6%) in non-RT group.
Survival
The 10-year LRFS, DFS, OS and DMFS for all patients were 88.6%, 78.0%, 81.2% and 82.3%. In RT and non-RT group, they were 100% and 81.4% (p = 0.028, Fig 1), 91.7% and 77.1% (p = 0.14, Fig 2), 91.7% and 77.8% (p = 0.67, Fig 3), 91.7% and 78.0% (p = 0.42, Fig 4). When analyzed by univariate, DFS was affected by stage (5-year DFS: IE vs IIE: 94.1% vs 60.4%, p = 0.012) and IPI (5-year DFS: 0 vs 1 vs 2 vs 3: 84.6% vs 86.6% vs 87.5% vs 0%, p = 0.017). DMFS was affected by IPI (5-year DMFS: 0 vs 1 vs 2 vs 3: 90.5% vs 90.2% vs 87.5% vs 0%, p = 0.002). OS was affected by stage (5-year OS: IE vs. IIE: 100% vs 62.3%, p = 0.004) and IPI (5-year OS: 0 vs 1 vs 2 vs 3: 96.8% vs 73.0% vs 87.5% vs 0%, p = 0.001). None of other clinico-pathologic factors, except for radiotherapy, was statistically related to LRFS (5-year LRFS: RT vs non-RT: 100% vs. 81.4%, p = 0.028, Table 2). On multivariate analysis, stage was identified as an independent prognostic factors for DFS, with hazard ratio 0.18 (95% confidence interval: 0.036–0.897, p = 0.036). Unfortunately, the numbers of events of interest for LRFS, OS and DMFS are not enough to allow multivariate analysis in the study.
Discussion
The optimal treatment for stage IE-IIE primary gastric DLBCL is under constant debate. As a subtype of DLBCL, it has become evident that either short-course chemotherapy plus IFRT or full-course chemotherapy alone are appropriate options. In Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 8736 study, compared with eight courses of CHOP, combining three courses of CHOP with IFRT revealed OS benefit at 5 years, which lasted for almost 10 years before losing statistical significance in older patients. It is reported that patients with no risk factors had satisfactory 5-year OS rates, approximately 94% when treated with chemotherapy+RT [14]. In another Canadian study, 5-year survival was reported 95% in patients under 69 years old and without any risk factors, treated with CHOP and IFRT [15]. However, considering the effect of consolidation after long-course chemotherapy, there were two controversial clinical trials. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study 1484 attempted to solve out whether IFRT as consolidation after eight cycles of CHOP led to any benefit. In analysis of recurrence patterns, the study demonstrated a marginal benefit of local control in CR patients receiving IFRT (p = 0.06). 6-year disease-free survival was significantly elevated in the IFRT group (70% vs 56%; p = 0.05). But this study was widely questioned regarding its high drop-out rate and absence of the information of causes of death [16]. Another research, the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte (GELA) LNH 93–4 study was designed to answer if consolidation RT was superior to observation after four cycles of CHOP in old patients with stage IE-IIE aggressive DLBCL [17]. Similarly, it suggested a definite improvement in local control from the addition of RT, revealing relapsing rate in patients with local failure 63% after CHOP alone, versus 34% after CHOP plus consolidation RT, although no advantage of RT was identified on event-free survival (5-year event-free survival: 64% vs 61%, p = 0.06) or OS (5-year OS: 68% vs 65%, p = 0.24). However, the conclusion was quite limited due to poor adherence of protocol. In fact, 40% of participants were under-dosed or had an inappropriate delay of 3 months between chemotherapy and RT, 12% of whom even failed to receive any radiation. Moreover, the patient group receiving consolidation RT had a remarkably inferior outcome compared to those treated in ECOG study 1484, inferring weakness in study management. Another uncertainty is, with the introduction of immunochemotherapy, previous evidence was questioned because none of them include the use of rituximab due to early conduct. Such limitations make the benefit of consolidation RT after at least four cycles’ chemotherapy in the rituximab era remains unsolved.
Following systemic therapy alone in patients with DLBCL, the most common pattern of initial failure is local recurrence, compromising 41–63% of all relapses [16–18]. Focusing on localized DLBCL of the stomach, 5-year overall survival reported in literatures ranges from 79% to 93% [19–22]. Our study revealed 10-year DFS and OS 78.0% and 81.2%, which is not worse than results from previous studies. Though clinical benefits from RT on DFS and OS were not statistically significant, a favored LRFS was concluded (100% and 81.4%, p = 0.028). These results fit perfectly with a randomized controlled trial published by Martinelli et al, in which 45 patients with primary gastric DLBCL were randomly assigned to RT or another 2 cycles of CHOP when they achieved CR after 4–6 cycles of CHOP. Likewise, it demonstrated consolidation RT significantly reduced the risk of local relapse from 13% to 0% and improved DFS, while OS was similar between groups [10].
Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy has evolved to be the backbone of treatment for systemic disease control. MinT trial revealed, in patients with non-bulky disease and IPI of 0, 6-year event-free survival, progression-free survival and overall survival after chemotherapy plus rituximab was 84.3%, 89.6%, and 94.9%, respectively [12]. Comparing results from SWOG 0014 to historical controls in the SWOG 8736 study, rituximab seemed to improve two-year progression-free survival beyond that achieved by short-course chemotherapy and consolidation RT alone in patients with limited stage DLBCL [23]. Some have speculated that rituximab may eventually take place of IFRT in the management of early stage DLBCL. Biologically, in the treatment of lymphoma, it lacks evidence that targeting CD20 can actually take the place of the effects of ionizing radiation. In our research, more than half (58%) of participants were prescribed RCHOP-like regimens, which distributed statistically balanced between RT and non-RT groups. Although subgroup analysis was hard to perform because of limited sample, it inferred that benefit of RT on local control may still exist when rituximab was adopted. Likewise, Phan et al studied 469 patients with staged I-IV DLBCL and received at least six cycles of R-CHOP. They concluded radiotherapy remained to be a significant favorable factor influencing OS and PFS in multivariate analyses [24]. Thus, the role of RT in rituximab era is potentially beneficial, which is to be further studied in well-designed controlled trials.
It is difficult to get full access to information of toxic effects in our retrospective data. However, in Martinellis’ report, when 30 Gy was delivered to the stomach and involved drainage regions, no severe complications, including renal toxicity, were noticed. Only a few patients were disturbed with mild nausea [10].
In our research, most important known prognostic factors were well balanced between groups. However, in non-RT patients, surgery was more likely to be involved. As a result, pre-chemotherapy CR was achieved in more than 30% of non-RT patients, which was significantly higher than that of RT patients. Such difference was not considered as important confounding factors because according to early studies, based on sufficient chemotherapy, whether surgery was performed did not seem to affect event-free survival or OS, neither the pattern of recurrence [8]. Besides, although non-RT group was related to higher rate of surgery and tended to have early CR, RT group still turned out to have favored local control, furtherly implying the advantage of consolidation RT.
Conclusions
To summarize, in this retrospective cohort study, we show for the first time that radiotherapy is associated with improved locoregional control of patients with early stage primary gastric DLBCL, after chemotherapy of ≥four cycles, even when rituximab was adopted.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: WL HW YZ. Performed the experiments: QL WW XB. Analyzed the data: WL SN LW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XB LW. Wrote the paper: QL WL.
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