Quora Question: Who Controls Real Estate on the Moon and Other Planets?

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Answer from Lawrence D. Roberts, Space law & policy academic.

The law of outer space is governed primarily by the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. Commonly referred to as the "Outer Space Treaty," the agreement was opened for signature in 1967 and entered into force that same year. At the present time, the Outer Space Treaty is considered customary law and as a consequence applies to all nations regardless of whether or not a particular state has ratified the instrument.

Article I of the Outer Space Treaty declares that the exploration and use of outer space shall be "the province of all mankind." Article II of the agreement states that "[o]uter space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means" (Full text of the instrument can be found at: http://www.state.gov/www/global/... ). Taken together, the provisions designate outer space and the bodies contained therein, including the Moon, as res communes, ie. the property of everyone. What this means in practice is that space is treated just like a commons on Earth. Anyone can make use of the commons, but no one has any property rights in the resources of the commons while they are in situ. Subsequent practice has established, however, that resources, once removed, become the property of the removing party.

The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the "Moon Treaty"), opened for signature in 1979 and entering into force in 1984 (Full text: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/Sp... ), attempted, without great success, to redefine the nature of property rights for outer space. The Moon Treaty expressly prohibited any form of property rights for in situ outer space resources pending the creation of an international property rights regime. That regime has yet to be developed. Moreover, such a regime is unlikely ever to be created under the auspices of the Moon Treaty given that the agreement has been ratified by (and thus only applies to) a tiny handful of states - none of which has significant, independent, space-faring capability.

While it is currently impossible for any entity to purchase or claim a fee simple interest in non-terrestrial property, there is, nonetheless, one small loophole that would entitle an entity to temporarily exercise rights similar to a property claim for a limited region on, for example, the Moon. The OST does permit a nation, and by extension one of its citizens, to exercise a zone of control around a landing site for safety purposes. Thus, as long as you were actually present, you could exercise effective control of the landing site and its immediate environs. You could prevent others from intruding and extract mineral resources for use at the site or even for sale. You might even be able to sell your lunar installation to a new occupant so that they, in turn could make use of the local environment. That said, no official fee simple interest accrues as a result of your presence. As soon as you (or your successor) abandoned the site, it would be legally indistinguishable from any other portion of the Moon, ie. it would have the status of a commons.

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